Biosecurity is the foundation for all disease prevention programs (Dewulf, et al., 2018), and all the more important in antibiotic reduction scenarios. It includes the combination of all measures taken to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of diseases and is based on the prevention of and protection against infectious agents. Its fundament is the knowledge of disease transmission processes.
The application of consistently high standards of biosecurity can substantially contribute to the reduction of antimicrobial resistance, not only by preventing the introduction of resistance genes into the farm, but also by lowering the need to use antimicrobials (Davies & Wales, 2019).
Lower use of antimicrobials with higher biosecurity
Studies and assessments such as those done by (Laanen, et al., 2013), (Gelaude, et al., 2014), (Postma, et al., 2016), (Collineau, et al., 2017) and (Collineau, et al., 2017a) relate a high farm biosecurity or improvements in biosecurity with lower antimicrobial use. Laanen, Postma, and Collineau studied the profile of swine farmers in different European countries, finding a relation between a high level of internal biosecurity, an efficient control of infectious diseases, and a reduced need for antimicrobials.
Others such as Gelaude and Collineau studied the effect of interventions. The former examined Belgian broiler farms, finding a reduction of antimicrobial use by almost 30% when biosecurity and other farm issues was improved within a year. The latter studied swine farms pig farms located in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden, in which antimicrobial use was also reduced in 47% across all farms and observed that farms with the higher biosecurity compliance and who also took a holistic approach, making other changes (e.g. management and nutrition), achieved a higher reduction in antimicrobial use.
Biosecurity interventions pay off
Of course, the interventions necessary to achieve an increased level of biosecurity carry some costs. However, the interventions, especially if taken with other measures such as improved management of newborn animals and nutritional improvements, also improve productivity. The same studies which report that biosecurity improvements decrease antimicrobial use also report an improvement in animal performance. In the case of broilers, Laanen (2013) found a reduction of 0.5 percentual points in mortality and one point in FCR; and Collineau (2017) obtained an improvement during both the pre-weaning and the fattening period of 0.7 and 0.9 percentual points, respectively.
Execution
Although biosecurity is considered the cheapest and most effective intervention in antibiotic reduction programs, compliance is often low and difficult (de Gussem, et al., 2016). The implementation, application, and execution of any biosecurity program involves adopting a set of attitudes and behaviors to reduce risk of entrance and spread of disease in all activities involving animal production or animal care. Measures should not be constraints but part of a process aimed at improving the health of animals and people, and a piece of the holistic approach to reduce antibiotics and improve performance.
Designing effective biosecurity programs: consider five principles
When designing or evaluating biosecurity programs, we can identify five principles that need to be applied (Dewulf, et al., 2018). These principles set the ground for considering and evaluating biosecurity interventions:
1. Separation: Know your enemy, but don't keep it close
It is vital to have a good separation between high and low risk animals or areas on the farm, as well as dirty (general traffic) and clean (internal movements) areas in the farm. This avoids not only the entrance but the spread of disease, as possible sources of infection (e.g. wild birds) cannot reach the sensitive population.
2. Reduction: Weaken your enemy, so it doesn't spread
The goal of the biosecurity measures is to keep infection pressure beneath the level which allows the natural immunity of the animals to cope with the infections (Dewulf, et al., 2018), lowering the pressure of infection e.g. by an effective cleaning and disinfection program, by the reduction of the stocking density, and by changing footwear when entering a production house.
3. Focus: Hunt the elephant in the room, shoo the butterflies
In each production unit, some pathogens can be identified as of a high economic importance. For each of these, it is necessary to understand the likely routes of introduction into a farm and how it can spread within it. Taking into account that not all disease transmission routes are equally important, the design of the biosecurity program should focus first on high-risk transmission routes, and only subsequently on the lower-risk transmission routes (Dewulf, et al., 2018).
4. Repetition: Increasing the probability of infection
In addition to the probability of pathogen transmission via the different transmission routes, the frequency of occurrence of the transmission route is also highly significant when evaluating a risk (Alarcon, et al., 2013). When designing biosecurity programs, risky actions such as veterinary visits, if repeated regularly must be considered with a higher risk.
5. Scaling: In the multitude, it is easy to disguise
The risks related to disease introduction and spread are much more important in big farms (Dorea, et al., 2010); more animals may be infected and maintain the infection cycle, also large flocks/herds increase the infection pressure and increase the risk by contact with external elements such as feed, visitors, etc.
Can we still improve our biosecurity?
Almost 100% of poultry and swine operations already have a nominal biosecurity program, but not in all cases is it effective or completely effective. BioCheck UGent, a standardized biosecurity questionnaire applied in swine and broiler farms worldwide, shows an average of 65% and 68% in conformity, respectively, from more than 3000 farms between both species (UGent, 2020); opportunities to improve can be found in farms globally, and they pay off.
To find these opportunities, consider three situations you need to know:
Compliance – the weak link of biosecurity programs
Achieving systematic compliance of biosecurity protocols on a farm is a complex, interactive, and continuous process influenced by several factors (Delabbio, 2006) and an ongoing challenge for animal production facilities (Dewulf, et al., 2018). Thus, it is clear that the biosecurity plan can only be effective if everyone on the operation follows it constantly, i.e. if everyone performs in compliance.
Compliance can be defined as the extent to which a person's behavior coincides with the established rules. Thus, compliance with the biosecurity practices should become part of the culture of the facility. Poor compliance in relation with biosecurity can be connected to:
• Lack of knowledge or understanding of the biosecurity protocols (Alarcon, et al., 2013) (Cui & Liu, 2016) (Delpont, et al., 2020)
In general terms, compliance with biosecurity procedures has been found to be incomplete in different studies (Delpont, et al., 2020) (Dorea, et al., 2010) (Gelaude, et al., 2014) (Limbergen, et al., 2017). In one study (Racicot, et al., 2011) used hidden cameras, to asses biosecurity compliance in Quebec, Canada and found 44 different biosecurity fails made by 114 individuals (farm workers and visitors) in the participating poultry farms, over the course of 4 weeks; in average four mistakes were made per visit. The most frequent mistakes were ignoring the delimitation between dirty and clean areas, not changing boots and not washing hands at the entrance of the barns; these three mistakes were committed in more than 60% of the occasions, regardless of being farm employees or visitors. These are frequent breaches not only of those farms in Quebec, but found frequently in many animal production units around the world and have a high probability of causing the entrance and spread of pathogens.
How to create a high biosecurity culture: start now!
Creating, applying and maintaining a biosecurity culture is the most effective way to make sure that compliance of the biosecurity program and procedures is high on the farm, thus decreasing the probability of entrance and spread of pathogens, reducing the use of antimicrobials and maintaining animal health. Some actions are recommended in order achieve a high biosecurity culture:
1. Name an accountable person
Every operation should have a biosecurity coordinator who is accountable for developing, implementing and maintaining the biosecurity program.
This important position should be appointed having in mind that certain personality traits may facilitate performance and execution of the labor (Delabbio, 2006) (Racicot, et al., 2012) (Laanen, et al., 2014) (Delpont, et al., 2020) such as responsibility, orientation to action, and being able to handle complexity. Additionally, expertise - years working in the industry y- and orientation to learn are strategic (Racicot, et al., 2012).
2. Set the environment
When the farm layout is not facilitating biosecurity, compliance is low (Delabbio, 2006), thus the workspace should facilitate biosecurity workflows and at the same time make them hard to ignore (Racicot, et al., 2011).
It is important to mention that not only the management and the biosecurity coordinator are responsible of designing and improving biosecurity procedures. Biosecurity practices must be owned by all the farm workers and should be the social norm.
The annual or biannual revision of biosecurity measures should be done together with the farm staff. This not only serves the purpose of assessing compliance but also allows the personnel to suggest measures addressing existing - often overlooked – gaps, and to be frank about procedures that are not followed and the reasons for it.
4. Train for learning
Don't take knowledge for granted. Even when a person has experience in farm work and has been working in the industry for several years, their understanding and comprehension around biosecurity may have gaps.
People are more likely to do something when they see evidence of the activity's benefit. Therefore, if workers are told about the effectiveness of the practices, showing the benefits of biosecurity and analyzing the consequences of non-compliance, they are most likely to follow the procedures (Dewulf, et al., 2018). Knowledge of disease threats and symptoms also improves on-farm biosecurity (Dorea, et al., 2010), thus workers should recognize first symptoms of disease in animals and act upon them.
Discussion of 'What if…?' scenarios to gain an understanding of the key aspects of farm biosecurity should be held on a regular basis. Workers should see examples of the benefits of compliance – and risks of noncompliance – as part of their training.
5. Lead by example
A high biosecurity culture requires everyone to comply regardless of status.
Personnel practice of biosecurity procedures is not only affected by availability of resources and training, but also by the position that management takes on biosecurity and the feedback provided. The management and owners must transmit a message of commitment to the farm personnel, owning and following biosecurity practices, procedures and protocols, giving positive and negative feedback on the personnel's compliance, supplying information on farm performance and relating it with biosecurity compliance and ensuring adequate resources for the practice of biosecurity (Delabbio, 2006).
When necessary, management also should enforce personnel compliance by disciplinary measures, firings, and creating awareness about the consequences of disease incidence. Nevertheless, recognition of workers' contribution to animal health performance also has a positive impact in biosecurity compliance (Dorea, et al., 2010).
The bottom line
Article made possible through the contribution of Marisabel Caballero, Fellipe Freitas Barbosa and EW Nutrition
