May 20, 2010

High-quality beef and big profits can be achieved by starting early-weaned cattle on corn and finishing with a diet high in by-products, University of Illinois researchers have discovered.

The traditional practice of finishing cattle on corn may not be the only way to achieve high marbling.

"The goal is to get the highest quality beef product in the most profitable way. If you can initiate marbling at a young age with corn, calves are smaller and they eat much less, so feeding them corn for 100 days early saves on feed costs. This system will use considerably less corn and achieve the same effect," said University of Illinois animal scientist Dan Shike.

For the study, heifers from the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center were weaned at an average age of 77 days and fed a high-corn ration for the next 146 days to initiate marbling. Then the cattle were divided into four groups: pasture-fed, high starch, intermediate starch and low starch.

The cattle remained on these treatments for 73 days. Then, all cattle were fed the intermediate-starch diet for the remainder of the finishing period. Before being divided into the four treatment groups, the calves were given ultrasounds to determine marbling. The ultrasounds revealed that marbling was initiated with the early corn diet. The cattle were given ultrasounds again at the completion of the 73-day treatment period.

"The cattle on pasture had significantly lower marbling. But there were no differences in the cattle fed varying levels of starch. If you look at the overall profitability, we actually lost a little money on the high-starch group, the pastured cattle barely made any money, but the intermediate and the low-starch groups showed a big swing. There's about a US$45 difference between the high-starch and intermediate-starch treatment groups, and low starch was comparable to intermediate," Shike said.

These results remained constant through harvest with pasture-fed cattle receiving lower marbling scores and fewer cattle grading low-choice. The cattle fed varying levels of starch had no difference in marbling scores. However, there were differences in profit per head.

Cattle fed these diets achieved higher gains as efficiently or more efficiently as the high-starch group. Another advantage to weaning calves earlier and starting them on feed means they can be harvested much earlier.