September 13, 2024

 

Roslin: Indigenous chickens in Ethiopia reveal environment-driven microbiome diversity

 

A team of Roslin Institute and the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) researchers has studied the relationships between altitude, environment and the gut microbiomes of indigenous village chickens in Ethiopia.

 

Their findings revealed significant microbial diversity among the chickens, influenced by climate, altitude, and dietary supplements. The gut microbes clustered into three distinct groups depending on the chickens' habitat, with one specifically enriched at high altitudes.

 

Notably, the study identified the genomes of nearly 10,000 unique sets of microbe strains, highlighting the vast and largely unexplored diversity of microbes present in indigenous chickens.

 

As climate change and consumer demands drive shifts towards free-range farming, lessons from Ethiopia's resilient chickens could guide sustainable practices globally, the team said.

 

Ethiopia's altitude variations, climate variability, and traditional farming practices offer a unique opportunity to explore how the environment shapes the gut microbiota of indigenous chickens, the research team explained. Their research analysed gut content samples from more than 200 village chickens across different climates, from highland areas with cooler temperatures to warmer lowland regions.

 

The findings revealed the contrast between the microbiota of Ethiopian village chickens and European commercial poultry. Village chickens are exposed to high-fibre diets and diverse environmental conditions, resulting in a microbiota that is far more complex and adaptable, the research team explained.

 

Indigenous chickens supply all chicken products in Ethiopia, playing a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of farmers.cHowever, research more often focuses on commercial breeds in the Western world, leaving the microbiomes of these indigenous poultry species significantly understudied, the Roslin Institute said. This oversight is significant, as indigenous chickens exhibit varied diversity in their gut microbiomes, which likely contributes to their local adaptation and resilience, the experts suggested.

 

Exploring non-commercial, indigenous poultry populations, and their gut microbes could support the development of tailored interventions that consider birds' unique environmental pressures and dietary habits.

 

Future research aims to explore how these findings may apply to other animals and regions, supporting poultry farming and contributing to food security in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.

 

The study opens the door to a more nuanced understanding of poultry microbiomes, emphasising the need for a global perspective that includes the diverse conditions under which indigenous chickens thrive in diverse ecological contexts, researchers said.

 

The research was carried out in collaboration with personnel from China, Kenya, Ethiopia, South Korea, England, and Denmark.

 

The study was supported by the International Livestock Research Institute's (ILRI) livestock genomics programme and the Cooperative Research Programme for Agriculture Science and Technology Development, as well as the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation, the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and the Rural Development Administration (RDA), South Korea.

 

The research was published in Microbiome.

 

"Our study highlights the extraordinary microbial diversity shaped by Ethiopia's climate zones and traditional farming practices," said Laura Glendinning, Chancellor's Fellow at the Roslin Institute. "There's a lot that both commercial and smallholder farmers can learn from each other based on the gut microbiota of their animals. By studying indigenous chickens, we can gain essential insights into how environmental factors drive microbiome diversity, which is crucial for developing sustainable poultry farming practices globally."

 

- The Roslin Institute